GPAtlas🧭 When to suspect
Generalised pruritus (itch) is the urge to scratch affecting widespread areas of skin.
The clinically important presentation is itch without a primary rash – where the only skin findings are secondary to scratching (excoriations, lichenification, prurigo nodules).
• Look for an underlying systemic cause.
• Review the drug history.
• Recognise the neuropathic and idiopathic patterns that need a different approach.
Itch is common: roughly 1 in 6 adults experience significant itch, rising sharply in older people, where dry skin (xerosis) is the usual culprit.
• Most chronic itch without a rash is benign.
• A minority is the first sign of iron deficiency, renal or hepatic disease, thyroid dysfunction, or a haematological malignancy – sometimes preceding other features by months or years.
• Around half of chronic cases remain idiopathic after a full work-up.
| Where the itch comes from | Pattern/clue |
|---|---|
| Skin (pre-rash or subtle) | Xerosis/asteatotic eczema, scabies (burrows, household contacts), urticaria, pre-bullous pemphigoid. |
| Iron & haematological | Iron deficiency (itch even without anaemia), polycythaemia vera (itch after a warm bath), lymphoma. |
| Hepatic (cholestatic) | • Primary biliary cholangitis, drug cholestasis, obstruction – itch with a raised alkaline phosphatase (ALP) • Severe in pregnancy |
| Renal | Chronic kidney disease (uraemic pruritus), typically advanced/dialysis. |
| Endocrine/metabolic | Thyroid disease (hyper- or hypo-), diabetes mellitus. |
| Drugs | Opioids, statins, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDs, antimalarials – often with no rash. |
| Neuropathic | Localised, burning/tingling itch – brachioradial pruritus, notalgia paraesthetica, post-herpetic. |
| Psychogenic/idiopathic | Senile (age-related) itch and idiopathic pruritus – a diagnosis of exclusion. |
Source: BAD generalised pruritus guideline (2018) · NICE NG12
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