GPAtlas🧭 When to suspect
Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is episodic, reversible vasospasm of the digital arteries and arterioles, producing sharply demarcated colour change in the fingers and toes.
• Classically triphasic: pallor (white, ischaemia), then cyanosis (blue, deoxygenation), then rubor (red, reperfusion) – although not every attack runs the full sequence.
• Attacks are provoked by cold or emotional stress, with accompanying numbness, tingling or pain that is most marked on rewarming.
• Raynaud's is common, affecting around 1 in 10 people in the UK.
Separate primary Raynaud's (idiopathic and benign) from secondary Raynaud's (a marker of an underlying disorder, most importantly connective tissue disease). Suspect the secondary form whenever onset is late, attacks are asymmetrical, or there is any tissue damage.
| Feature | Primary Raynaud's | Secondary Raynaud's |
|---|---|---|
| Typical onset | Adolescence to 20s (under 30) | Over 30 – especially over 40, and in men |
| Sex | Up to 9× more common in women | Either sex |
| Symmetry | Symmetrical (both hands) | May be asymmetrical |
| Thumb | Usually spared | May be involved |
| Tissue damage | None (no ulcers or pitting scars) | Digital pitting, ulcers or gangrene possible |
| Nailfold capillaries | Normal | Dilated loops or capillary dropout |
| Antinuclear antibody | Negative | Often positive (with specific antibodies) |
| Underlying cause | • None • Family history common |
Connective tissue disease, drugs, occupational |
Causes of secondary Raynaud's group usefully into:
• Underlying connective tissue disease: systemic sclerosis (the commonest and most important), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), Sjögren's, dermatomyositis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
• Some drugs: beta-blockers, sympathomimetic decongestants, ergot and triptan migraine therapies, and certain chemotherapy agents.
• An occupational cause: hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) from vibrating tools.
• A haematological cause: cryoglobulinaemia, polycythaemia and paraproteinaemia.
• An endocrine cause: hypothyroidism.
Smoking aggravates every form.
Source: British Society for Rheumatology
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